This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the Indian economy from 1975 to 2025, situating its trajectory within macroeconomic, political, institutional, geopolitical, and structural dimensions. It identifies key phases: the state controlled economy era (1975–1991), the balance-of-payments crisis and initial liberalization (1991–2000), growth acceleration and consolidation (2000–2010), structural formalization and digital transformation (2010–2025), and the…

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